Hydra sleep…

"We report a sleep-like state in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris with a primitive nervous organization. 

"Hydra sleep was shaped by homeostasis and necessary for cell proliferation, but it lacked free-running circadian rhythms. 

"Instead, we detected 4-hour rhythms that might be generated by ultradian oscillators underlying Hydra sleep. 

"Microarray analysis in sleep-deprived Hydra revealed sleep-dependent expression of 212 genes, including cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PRKG1) and ornithine aminotransferase. Sleep-promoting effects of melatonin, GABA, and PRKG1 were conserved in Hydra. 

"However, arousing dopamine unexpectedly induced Hydra sleep. 

"Opposing effects of ornithine metabolism on sleep were also evident between Hydra and Drosophila, suggesting the evolutionary switch of their sleep-regulatory functions." 

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