Guilt evolves in multi-agent systems?

"Our study delves into the co-evolution of two forms of emotional guilt: social guilt entails a cost, requiring agents to exert efforts to understand others’ internal states and behaviours; and non-social guilt, which only involves awareness of one’s own state, incurs no social cost.

"Resorting to methods from evolutionary game theory, we study analytically, and through extensive numerical and agent-based simulations, whether and how guilt can evolve and deploy, depending on the underlying structure of the systems of agents. 

"Our findings reveal that in lattice and scale-free networks, strategies favouring emotional guilt dominate a broader range of guilt and social costs compared to non-structured well-mixed populations, leading to higher levels of cooperation."

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