Misinformation probably inevitable

"We survey examples of socially transmitted misinformation across biological systems.

"Our central findings are (i) that the transmission and use of misinformation is widespread in biological systems spanning levels of organization, and (ii) that the production and transmission of misinformation is probably an inevitable property that inherits from fundamental constraints on biological communication systems, rather than a pathology that lies apart from the normal functioning of such systems. 

"In this light, we argue that there is a need for a more integrated theoretical and empirical science of misinformation in biology. 

"We end by highlighting four emerging questions about misinformation and its role in driving ecological and evolutionary dynamics that this new field of inquiry should address."



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